Happy X' Mas and new Year

Chapter 1

Introduction

A computer is an electronic device that can perform a variety of operations according to a set of instructions called programs. It is derived from ‘abacus’, which was  invented by Chinese. In earlier days computers were mainly used for computing. They were developed on mechanical devices. Now it has changed from mechanical to electronic.

History

The first (mechanical computer) called ‘Pascaline’ was developed by “Blasie Pascal” in “1642”. But it has no memory.

After this invention, ‘Joseph Jacquard’ invented ‘punched card’, by the end of mechanical revolution. This device has memory and was used for controlling looms. This leads to laid foundation for a method of storing and retrieving information.

During ‘1822-33’ ‘Charles Babbage’ invented the modern computer viz ‘difference engine’ (1822) and the ‘analytical engine’ (1833). He was named as the father of computer. This device has the facility to ‘store data’ and can do ‘arithmetic calculation’.

In ‘1890’, ‘Dr.Herman Hollerith’ has developed a census machine. This was developed for processing census data in America. So it was called ‘census machine’. It helps to process the census data with less time.

‘Dr.Hollerith’, invented “Tabulating Machine Company”, which later merged with other companies to form “International Business Machine (IBM)”.

In 1940s, the computing machines changed from mechanical to electro mechanical and then to electronic. The first digital computer ‘Harward Mark- I’ was developed by “Howard Aiken” in Harward University in 1944. It could perform its operations as per the programmed instructions.

Generation of Computers

1. First Generation (1949-1955):

            The first generation computers used (thermionic values) vacuum tubes and machine language was used for giving instructions. It was very large in size and generated immense heat. The programming was also very difficult. Consume huge electricity. Require bid a/c rooms.

Some Popular Computers:

a. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator): First electronic computer was developed in 1946 by a team Professors lead by Prof.Eckert and Mannchly at Pennsylvania in USA. It has a very small memory. It could perform 5000 additions or 350 multiplications per second. It contains 18000 vacuum tubes, 70000 resistors, 10000 capacitors and 60000 switches. It is weighted 27 thonnes,30 meters length, 3 meters width and 1 meter height.

b. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete variable Automatic Computer): Binary arithmetic was used in this computer. Speed was considerably large in this type, was invented in 1950.

c. EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer): This computer was built by ‘Prof.M.V.Wilkes’ at Cambridge University in 1949. Merely delayed lines was used for storage.

d. GNIVAC- I: Commercial production of computers was started in 1950s. it was one such computer built by Univac division of Remington Rand and delivered in 1951.

Important Limitations of first generation computers:

1. Slow operating speed

2. Limited computing capacity

3. High power consumption

4. Short life span

5. Large space requirement

6. Limited Programming capabilities

7. Huge emission of heat

8. Small memory

9. High cost, etc.

2. Second Generation (1956-65):

Second generation computers were used transistors, which is              highly reliable than vacuum tubes. Transistors were developed by USA scientists viz: Bardeen,     Brattain and Shockley in 1946. Transistors have long life, high reliability, low cost, high speed and high storage capacity.

Second Generation computers used High Level Languages (HLL) like CUBOL, FORTRAN etc. Commercial applications rapidly developed during this period and more than 80% of these computers were used in business and industries.

Key Features of second generation computers:

1. Transistors replaced by vacuum tubes.

2. Small in size.

3. Low power consumption.

4. Generate low heat.

5. More reliable and faster.

6. Core memory developed.

7. Disks and magnetic tapes used.

8. First operating system developed.

9. Programming in both machine language and assembly language.

3.  Third Generation (1966-1975):

            During this period transistors were replaced by ICs (Integrated circuit chips). It was invented by Jack Kilby in 1958. In an I C, several transistors, resistors and capacitors are integrated with other electronic components and sealed up in a small package. The I C, have larger speed, large storage space and considerably lower price.

During its initial stage there were Small Scale Integrated (SSI) circuits with only 10 transistors per chip. The technology developed to Medium Scale Integrated (MSI) circuits which were developed with 100 transistors per chip later during 1970s.  Large Scale Integration (LIC) contains thousands of components in one chip. Soon after, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) with millions of transistors was invented. This leads to the invention of micro computers and as a result it leads a drastic change in this field.

Eg:  

1. IBM 360 series.             2. IBM-370/168.         3. ICL-2900.

4. Honey well-316.                       5. GNIVAC etc.

Key Features of third generation computers:

1. Developed ICS.

2. Computer smaller, faster and reliable.

3. Low power consumption.

4. High-level language appeared.

5. Parallel programming.

4. Fourth Generation computers (1976-80):

The advent of ‘Micro processors’ (chips) and ‘micro computers’ are the major development during this generation. This was due to the contribution of VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration). It leads to the emergence of extremely powerful personal computers. Faster processing and increased memory helped in the development of more powerful operating system.

The first personal computer (PC) was developed in the late 1970s by ‘Apple Corporation’ of USA. The first pocket computer developed in Japan was sold in 1980, named ‘Sharp P.C-1211’.

Key Features

1.      Integrated circuits.

2.      Micro computer series such as IBM and Apple developed.

3.      Developed portable pocket computers.

4.      Different types of secondary memory with high storage capacity.

5.      Fast access and processing developed.

Various Processors: (Micro Processors)

a. Silicon chip: The invention of silicon chip reduced the size of computer. In this chip a number of transactions were integrated to form this processor. It has a small size of “0.5 in square”.

b. Super chips: The researchers in semi conductors were developed super chips. In this processors millions of transistors were packed into a finger nail sized chips. Intel’s various versions can be seen.

c. Celeron chip: Inter processor also launched a chipset to work with the Celeron. It performs more functions and has only a lesser cost. It finally leads to reduce this cost of ‘Motherboard’, the main component in the ‘CPU’

d.: It is another processor which was developed by another developer, it is cheaper than inter processor and at the same time has a good performance. It leads to gain a good place in the market.

5. Fifth Generation computers (from 1980):

            Artificial intelligence was the main contribution of fifth generation computers. Conventional computers can process one instruction at a time. Now parallel processing is possible to process a verities of instructions at a time. It can blend voices, images and helps to assimilate and dissimilate large quantity of data from different sources, with the help of artificial intelligence and supportive mathematical models. The fifth generation computers can do more than trillion mathematical calculations per second. It is called terat lap (Greek word) which means teras (one trillion) flap (floating point operations per second)

Key features of fifth  generation computers:

1. Parallel processing: Many processors are grouped to functions one large group processor.

2. Super conductors: This is a conductor through which electricity can travel without any resistance, which results faster transfer of information between the components of a computer.

Important Parts of a Computer

Input device
		Primary memory
		Control unit
		ALU

Output device

1. Input Unit:

The Input unit is responsible for accepting input i.e., data and instructions from the user for processing. This work is accomplished with the help of input devices. There are several equipments that perform this function. They are:

a. Keyboard: 

            Keyboard is a typewriter like device which is used to type in the letters, digits, programs and commands. A keyboard contains a matrix of switches. Keyboards are used to enter data by typing it in manually. Each key when pressed sends a digital code to the computer that determines which key has been pressed. Most desktop and notebook computers come with a standard keyboard, which uses the QWERTY keyboard layout.

Advantages:               1. Reliable way of inputting text and numbers.

                                    2. Available in variety formats.

Disadvantages:           1. Not suitable for pictures, diagrams, voice, video etc.

                                    2. Very slow while accessing menu options.

                                    3. Not much useful for enlarging or changing sizes of windows.

b. Mouse and other pointing devices:

            The mouse is a pointing device used to point a cursor on a particular point in the monitor. A mouse generally has two or three buttons it may or may not have a ball. Mouse controls movement of pointer (mouse pointer) on screen. When a mouse moves on a flat surface, the cursor on the screen also moves in the direction of mouse’s movement. Now the optical mouse is widely used in the place of earlier version.  Te earlier model has a roller ball on the bottom, and moves when the user drags the mouse across a mouse pad.

c. Digital Pen:

            The Digital Pen works in conjunction with a flash drive (a portable electronic storage device) that connects to a port on a computer. The user can write with the pen on any conventional paper, and the writing is captured and then transmitted wirelessly and stored in the flash drive. When the flash drive is connected to a computer, one can use software to translate the writing into digital text.

d. Image input devices:

            Digital cameras, camcorders, and webcams are the most common devices for capturing pictures and video. Digital cameras and camcorders can be used to capture images in remote areas and later downloaded to a computer. Webcams are small cameras on top of the computer monitor or are built into the notebook computer. It helps in video conferencing, conduct classes or to call with video phones.

e. Sound input devices:

            A microphone is a device that helps to capture sound waves and transfer them to digital format on the computer. Close-talk microphones which are usually attached to a headset are useful in situations such as using speech- recognition software, videoconferencing, or making telephone calls. Handheld microphones are convenient for recording podcasts. Clip on microphones are useful when you are presenting at a meeting.

f. Joystick:

            Joysticks are often used for playing computer games such as flight simulators. They input directional data like mouse but work by switches being closed as the joystick is moved left or right and up or down. Mini finger-controlled joysticks can be used to control a laptop cursor.

g. Scanner

            Scanner is a device similar to a photocopier. A photocopier prints the given printed image on a paper, while a scanner creates an electronic form of the printed image, which can later be manipulated, changed and modified according to the requirements.

g. Other input devices:

            The Bar code scanners read bar codes. Bar codes are made up of bars of different widths and spacing that convey alphabetic and numeric information about products or addresses. The bar code scanners are accurate, fast and inexpensive which has made it popular at supermarket checkout counters, where the billing employee uses them to read the bar code labels on cans, boxes and bags.

2. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

            The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is responsible for carrying out the processing job. The CPU is the brain of the computer. It is where all the searching, sorting, calculating, and decision making takes place. The CPU is the control centre for a computer. It guides, directs and controls a computer’s performance.

Components of CPU

A CPU has two components:

1. Memory Unit

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

3. Control Unit(CU)

1. Memory Unit

Computer stores data in the memory unit in the form of binary numbers. A binary number is either a zero (0) or one (1) and is known as a bit which is the short form of binary digit. The memory unit has two sectors namely Primary Memory and Secondary Memory.

8 Bit = 1 Byte

1024 Bytes =1 KB

1024 KB= 1 MB

1024 MB= 1 GB

1024 GB = 1 TB

a. Primary Memory

            It is the main memory in a computer. It is also known as the internal memory which is the ‘Immediate Access Store(IAS)’ . The IAS holds the data and programs needed at that instant by CPU. There are two types of primary memory such as RAM and ROM.

(1)RAM (Random Access Memory)

            The internal memory read from and written to is called RAM. It is volatile i.e. not fixed. Its contents are lost when power is turned off. The computer has to execute various functions and for this purpose a large amount of data and information is to be stored and to retrieve as and when required. These information and instructions are stored in RAM in the main memory. When people talk about computer memory in connection with computer they usually mean the RAM.

Limitations of RAM

(i)Limited storage capacity

(ii)Volatile in nature

(2)ROM (Read Only Memory)

            In this memory, the information stored remains fixed and will never be lost when power is turned off. ROM can only be read and used, it cannot be changed. Hence it is called Read Only Memory (ROM). It generally contains a set of startup instructions that is what to do when a computer is turned on. This information is stored in the ROM chip at the time of manufacture. The system files are of these types which are necessary for booting the system. At present different types of ROM are available. They are PROM(Programmable ROM) , EPROM(Erasable PROM) , EEPROM(Electrically EPROM) .

Difference between RAM and ROM

RAM	ROM
1. Volatile	1. Permanent
2. Can be read and be changed	2. Can be read but cannot be changed.
3. It is mainly referred as memory of a computer.	3. No mention in this regard.
4. Both the system software and application software can be stored	4. Only system software
5. It remains blank at the time of manufacture	5. The software is loaded at the time of manufacture.

 Role of Primary Memory

1. To hold the commands of the program currently being processed

2. To hold the data required by the current program

3. To hold the intermediate processing result.

4. To hold the output that is ready to be transmitted to output device or to secondary storage.

3. Cache Memory

     The speed of processing is mainly based on the memory status. In various occasions the performance of the processors are very slow or limited due to the slow speed or small size of main memory. In order to balance this situation of slow operating speed, and extremely fast, small memory is used in between the CPU and Main Memory. This type of memory is called hi-speed buffer or cache memory. It is a hiding memory and is not addressable by the user of the computer. It is very expensive and is small in size.

b. Secondary Memory

            The secondary memory is mainly used to store data for a long period of time. Since the primary memory has only a limited storage space, secondary memory is necessary to store the data and information for future uses. For this purpose there are certain external devices, and this is used to store data for longer duration with larger capacities. On the basis of accessibility of data the external devices can be categorized into two. They are

(a) SAM (Sequential / Serial Access Memory): In SAM data can be accessed in the order it has been stored. Data in connection with results are generally stored in SAM.

Example: Magnetic Tape

(b)RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM also known as direct access memory, permits to access individual information immediately as and when required. It is a most widely used type of memory. 

Types of Secondary Storage Devices

            The secondary storage devices are either magnetic media or optical media. The magnetic media consists of hard disk; floppy disk etc and the optical media consist of CDs, ROMs etc

1. Magnetic Media

a. Hard Disk:

            Hard Disk is an important secondary storage device which is kept commonly in the computer. It is a thin steel platter with iron oxide coating. It is always rotating at a speed more than 3500rpm (rotations per minute), information is recorded on the surface of rotating disc by magnetic heads. These heads are mounted on access arms which help to read the data.

Advantages:

            1. Large storage capacity

            2. Stores and retrieves data much faster than a floppy disc or CD ROM.

            3. It is a permanent storage.

            4. Since it is fixed inside the computer there is no chance for loss or damage.

Disadvantages

            1. Slower than RAM

            2. Cannot be easily transferred from one form to another. 

b. Floppy Disk:

            Floppy Disc is one of the portable storage devices and at present it is rarely used. It enables to transfer small files from one computer to another and also to store information as back-up. A Floppy Disc is made of a flexible substance called Mylar. They have a magnetic surface which allows the recording of data. A standard Floppy Disc can store up to 1.44 MB of data which is approximately equivalent to 300 A4 pages of text. All discs are to be formatted before writing data on it. Formatting means marking and dividing the disc into tracts and sectors. The floppy disc is divided into many concentric circles called track. Each track is further sub-divided into smaller pie-shaped sections called sectors.

Advantages

            a. Portable, small and light weight.

            b. It is inexpensive.

            c. Useful for transferring data or files between computers.

            d. It is reusable.

Disadvantages

            a. Not very strong, easy to damage.

            b. Slow to access and retrieve data.

            c. Small storage capacity.

2. Optical Media

a. Compact Disc (CD):

            CDs are relatively cheap and have a storage capacity upto 700 MB. In the CD information is recorded in the spiral tract. A laser device is used to burn microscopic pits , in the reflective layer on the CD for recording  data. A CD can store text data, audio, video , photos etc. There are three main types of CDs.

(i)CD-ROM: This type of CD is used to store information and cannot be used to store data. Manufacturers use CD-ROMs to record information including text, audio or video on the CD for distribution.

Example: Software, Games, Encyclopedia, E-Books etc

(ii)CD-R (CD-Recordable): Data can be recorded only once on these disks. These CDs allow writing on one part of the disc one time and another part at the later time. However it can be done only once.

(iii)CD-RW (CD-Rewritable): It is an erasable disc and can write on multiple occasions. But the number is limited.

(b)Digital Versatile Disc (DVD):

                It is another optical device which looks like a CD, but is able to hold about 15 times than a CD. It can hold upto 20 GB of data. It is also called a super density disc and can hold up to 17 GB.DVDs also come in three varieties namely DVD-ROM, DVD-R,DVD-RW.

Internet

Network is a group of devices linked to one another. It helps to share the information and resources. It is generally seen in computer application. Hence it is also termed as computer network (CN).

Components of Computer Network

            Computer Network is the interlinked computers. It can be linked with cables. In this case there are three components namely

1. Sender Component

2. Communication Channel

3. Receiver Component

4. Modem

If the computer network is linked with telephone cable, another component namely modem is required. Modem converts digital signals into analog and also analog to digital signals.

Communication Channel (Transmission Media)

            Cables are mainly used to connect two or more work stations and are working as communication channel. The media may be either Guided or Unguided media.

1. Guided Media (Wired media)

            Guided media is otherwise called Bound media/Wired media. It uses a cabling system that guides data signals. It can further be classified into

a. Twisted Pair Cable:  It is a commonly used one. In a twisted pair cable, wires are twisted together in pairs.

b. Co axial cable: It is mainly used for TV Cable network. In this case there is a conductor in the inner side of the cable and is covered by an insulator which is covered by a wired mesh and finally an outer shield covered the entire cable.

c. Optical Fiber: It consists of thin glass fibers that can carry information. This consists of a very narrow thread of glass called cladding. It is protected with a plastic coating called Jacket/Shealth.

2. Unguided Media/Wireless Media/Unbound Media

            In this case, the data communicated are not bound to a cable media and hence it is called unbound media.

1. Long Distance Media:

a. Microwave:  Without cables. It travels in a straight line and free from material obstacles.

b. Radio wave: It was Short wave (long distance), Medium Wave (Medium Distance), Frequency Modulation (Short Distance)

c. Satellite: Received and transmitted by earth stations through distant satellites. Satellites act as a relay station for communication. Satellite receives signals from earth stations and they are amplified and transmit the signals to other Earth Stations.

2. Short Distance Wireless Media

This is for transmitting information up to a few kilometers.

a. Infrared: It is a secure way of transmission of data. It is commonly used in our daily life.  Example: T.V remote, Auto door locks etc…

b. Laser: It is used in point- to- point transmission typically between buildings. It may be adversely affected by the changes in weather condition.

c. Bluetooth:  It is a short-range wireless connection device. It is commonly used in mobile phones, laptops, personal digital assistants, notebooks etc.

d. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity): It is used to access internet without wired connection in a shorter area. It requires: a. Broadband internet connection, b. Wireless router, and c. A Desktop/Laptop with internet receiver.

e. Wi Max: It provides broadband wireless access up to 50 kms. Wimax base station (same as mobile towers) provides signals to the clients. It is a wireless Internet Service Provider (ISP).

Types of network

LAN-Local Area Network

MAN-Metropolitan Area Network

WAN-Wider Area Network

Internet

Internet is the network of networks. It helps to communicate all over the world with less cost. It helps a variety of activities to individuals, business, institutions, government etc... It has contributed much in various sectors during the last decade. It grew tremendously during the latter half of 1990s.

History

At first it was introduced by the US military to establish a communication system which cannot be destroyed by Russian attack.

In 1968, US defense department funded an agency called ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency) to connect university computer scientists and engineers together through their computer lines.

This property named ARPANET allowed researchers to share each other over a long distance. Later the National Science Foundation (NSF) was increased the number of super computers and expanded the range of sites for business, universities, government and military installations.

Features

Text 2.1  to 7

Uses

1. Business - E Business activities. Access lot of  financial data.

2. E Governance – Video conferencing, issue certificates, issue licenses etc..

3. E Mail – speed, less cost,

4. Education- online education, Study materials etc..

5. Research-

6. Published works-

7. Establish Research Groups-

8. Entertainments etc..

Open System Interconnections

            In the initial stages of development of internet there was no ‘network architecture’. Companies were implemented crude and socially unacceptable software and hardware communication solutions. There was no standard format at that time, later the idea of layering really came into existence with the introduction of International Standard called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in 1982.

            In 1978, the ISO technical committee-97 (committee handle standardization in IT) started to develop an architecture, which stood as a foundation stone for all the developments which can now be seen in this field. They have worked hard a long period of time, for this purpose.

            Under this OSI concept, the process of communication between two points in a telecom network can be divided into seven layers. Each layer has its own special functions. While sending a message from one end to another end, it will be travelled through each layer one by one and finally it reaches in the hands of the receiver (end user).

OSI Model

            The OSI Model uses ‘7 layers’ to organize the network architecture. Each module provides specific functions for the next layer. A layer is a set of related functions to be performed as a group. Two nearby layers communicate by some set of programs called interface. For each layer there will be different set of protocols. Each layer only cares about its interface to the next layer in the network.

ISO Model

1. Physical Layer: The physical layer transmits data through the networks communication channel. It includes the physical elements (hardware) which are required to perform this function. The layer includes the transmission lines which connects the computers on the network. Data transmission methods, like central signals, and timing are also parts of the physical layer. The Physical layer determines the mechanical and electrical properties of the network.

2. Data Link Layer: The data link layer transfers raw data between the physical layer and network layer. The primary function of this layer is to detect and prevent data corruption (Errors) within the physical layer. This layer minimizes the flow of information across the boundaries between the physical layer and network layers.

The physical layer manages raw data as bits (0’s and 1’s). This layer formats and transforms raw binary data into something meaningful to the network layer. The data link layer also accepts information from the network layer and translates the data into the current binary format for the below physical layer.

3. Network Layer: The network layer determines the route that the data follows to reach its destination on the network. The network layer handles network traffic congestion and speed of transmission. It is a delivery system within the network. It also helps to send the data in right direction and receiving incoming transmissions at the packet level. (routing of data)

4. The Transport layer: After the network layer delivers data to the correct host address, the transport layer delivers data to the correct application within the destination host. It ensures the complete transfer of data or manages the end to end control of traffic.

5. The Session Layer: This layer handles details such as account name, passwords, user I Ds etc. For example on all networks, one can login into it after entering the user I Ds, password etc. This layer examines the given details are correct and then permits to login if all are correct. A network professional says each such login as sessions (Any number of times that an user can login. Each login will be each session). This is the user’s interface to a network.

6. The Presentation layer (Syntax Layer): The presentation Layer consolidates common functions that networks must repeatedly uses during network communication. It defines how the network presents itself to the hardware and software. It is a part of the operating system. It converts the incoming and outgoing data from one presentation format to another format.

7. The Application Layer: The application layer contains details about network-wide application. All programs for network computer users are part of networks application layer. The communication partners are identified in this layer. Quality of service is identified and consider privacy and user authentication.

Internet Protocols

An internet protocol is a set of rules for exchanging information in a network. It allows different kind of computers using different operating system (Widows, Linux etc..) in the network. The commonly used protocols are

1. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

2. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

3. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

4. Telnet

5. Gopher

6. Wide Area Information Service

1. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) –

Vinton Cerf of ‘Standard University was developed a communication protocol called TCP and the addressing protocol IP. The major internet application such as ‘World Wide Web’, Email, remote administration and file transfer are based on TCP.TCP/IP is a collection of protocols that govern the way of travel from one computer to another across networks. It provides a communication service at an intermediate level between application program and IP.

                                                                                                             

When an application program wants to send a large mass of data across the internet using IP, can issue a single requirement to TCP and it will handle the IP details. It will never divide the data into small packets. IP usually divides the data into small pieces which are called ‘packets’. A packet is a sequence of ‘octets’ which consists a ‘header’ and ‘body’.

The header - describes the destination of the packet.

The routers - are generally used to forward the data until it arrives its destination.

The body - contains the data which is transmitted.

TCP guarantees the delivery of data from one computer to another through internets without duplication or loss of data. Under this protocol, the receiver sends an acknowledgement message as and when he received the data. The next packet will be sent only after receiving the acknowledgement from the receiver. If the sender is not getting the acknowledgement within a stipulated time, it will re-transmit this packet.

2. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

 It is a set of rules while transferring files from one computer to another in a network. It was originally developed to allow the researchers to access the programs and data files one another. FTP allows two types of access:

1. Protected access: In this form the users are protected these files with user ID and passwords.

2. General Access: In this case there is no restriction of access of files.

3. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)  

HTTP is an internet standard or set of rules that allows the exchange of information on the www. Hypertext is a method of preparing and publishing text ideally suit to the computer and the users can select and read/download text they want. For preparing Hypertext the whole material is divided into small segments such as single pages of text. These small segments are called ‘nodes’. Then Hyperlinks are embedded in the text. When the user clicks on the hyperlink, the software will display the relevant pages (node) . The process of navigating among the nodes linked in this manner is called ‘browsing’. A collection of nodes that are interconnected by hyperlinks is called a web. HTTP allows the user to go from one node to another according to his requirements.

Steps

1. User opens a connection

2. Then the user sends a request to the server with the help of a browser.

3. The server sends the resource as per the request of the user.

4. User closes the connection.

4. Telnet

It is a protocol that enables the user to connect to another computer linked to this network. It is otherwise called remote login. Then user’s computer is the local computer and the computer being connected is termed as the remote computer/host computer. The host is executed the commands of the user’s computer.

Eg: Library catalogues are available through telnet without giving any password.

5. Gopher

Gopher is a protocol linked to the internet to search, retrieve and display documents from remote sites on the internet. It is a mean based program that helps the user to find a file, program, definition and other topics that the user specifies. Gopher allows the user to browse without specify the details of hosts, directory and file name. The browsing becomes easy with the help of menus.

6. Wide Area Information Service (WAIS)

WAIS is a internet search tool and describes as a protocol for computer to retrieve information from computer. It is a program that permits the users to search information worldwide based on ‘keywords’. WAIS has the capabilities of searching in more than one database simultaneously.

Multimedia Information Tools

1. World Wide Web:  WWW is one of the newest and most popular hyper text based internet tools. It allows the users to access and display documents and graphics stored on any server on the internet. Its capability is to provide an enormous resource of information in a colorful and graphical manner.

 Components of WWW: The main components of  WWW are:

a. Uniform Resource Locator (URL):  URL, is the location at which the file is on the internet. It contains the name of protocol, a domain name (that identifies the specific computer on the internet), pathname and file name that it is saved in the server.

Ex: http://www.microsoft.coman 

b. Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML): HTML is the language at which documents are written for WWW. It allows the users to produce web pages that includes text, graphics etc.

c. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) :

 

Web System Architecture

The architecture of a web system consists of the following:

1. Web Server and Application Server

2. Web Browser

3. Web Servers

4. Web Pages

5. Web sites

1. Web Server and Application Server-It is a client server on the internet. It communicates on the basis of HTTP.

2. Web Browser- Web Browser is software that is used to request resources from the internet. It is an application program, which helps the user to manipulate from one another on the internet. It is a client program that adopts HTTP to make requests for information from the server. The browser locates the resource by using the URL from the Internet. An ideal browser should be able to present different types of information in different form viz text, audio, video, images, graphics etc. Most web browsers support Email and FTP.

The first web browser was come in force during 1990 named ‘world wide web’, and then it changed to ‘Nexus’. The first web browser with geographical user interface was came in force is known as ‘Mosaic’, in 1993. It then went into ‘Netscape navigator’. Another browser developed by Microsoft is ’Internet explorer.’

Others: Google chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Linux, Opera etc..

3. Web servers:  Tim  Berners – Lee was developed a code for hyper text server programme and made it available on the internet. A hypertext server is a computer that stores files written in the HTTP and it supplies these files to users on request.

4. Web Pages: Web pages are text file stored on the web server. The files contain instructions and information. The instructions are in HTML and it tells the browser how to format and present the information to the end user.

5. Web sites:  A website is a group of related web pages stored in one or more directories on a web server. Web sites contain lot of information which is to be useful for the clients/end users.

a. Institution-news, photo gallery

b. Government-different departments, police, online application etc

c. Business- Online trading

d. Entertainment – Games etc..

Happy Onam

Once there was an island where all the feelings lived together. One day there came a storm in the sea and the island was about to drown .Every feeling was scared but Love made a boat to escape. All the feelings jumped in the boat except for one feeling. Love got down to see who it was...it was Ego! Love tried & tried but Ego didn't move. Everyone asked Love to leave Ego & come in the boat but Love was meant to Love. It remained with Ego. All other feelings were left alive but Love died because of Ego!!

Think over it.....If you don't take care of your ego, you go. 

Best wishes & Happy Onam

CO-OPERATION

1. The first Co-operative Consumer Society Is -----
Triplicane Urban Co-operative Society (formed on 1904)
2. The birth of co-operative movement is in ------ England
3. The minimum number of persons required to form a co-operative society in Kerala is
25 (one man one vote is the voting right of members)
4. The co-operative farming societies come under the category of  Agricultural Non-Credit Cooperative Society
5. The father of Co-operative movement in the world - Robert Owen (Born in Newton, 1771)
6. Friendly' Society is started in
England (Friendly societies Act was passed in 1793)
7. Who wrote the book entitled as "Doctrine of Circumstances".
8. Whose statement is " No competition, No money and No profit" -----
Robert Owen
9. What is the name of the mill owned by Robert Owen
Newlenark
10. The training institute sponsored by NABARD is - - - - -
BIRD (Bankers Institute for Rural Development)
11. Training institute sponsored by NABARD is BIRD (Bankers Institute for Rural Development)
12. Which was the first provincial Co-operative Societies Act in India
The Bombay Co-operative Societies Act (1925)
13. Taccavi Law is Land Improvement Loans Act
14. The first Co-operative Societies Act of 1904 came into force on 25 March 1904
15. Famine Commission was constituted in the year 1880
16. Taccavi Laws was recommended by Famine Commission
17. Whose experiment is entitled as “Peoples Bank for Northern India”
DUPERNEX
18. Mac Lagan Committee was constituted in the year  1914
19. Who is the chairman of the National Dairy Development Board  - Amritha Patel
20. The Rochdale Equitable Pioneers Society, the first co-operative Society in the world started in the year
1844 (Manchester)
21. Who is the founder of the first co-operative journal namely The Co-operator - Dr. William king
22. Rochdale weavers Union was organized under the leadership of - Charles Howrath
23. In which country did the co-operative Housing Society originate ?  Britain
24. ICA (International Co-operative Alliance) regional office at New Delhi was inaugurated by ............ on 14/11/1960  - Jawaharlal Nehru
25. Bonow House was built spending with the help of ----- cooperatives
Swedish (He was a well known Swedish Co-operator)
26. To which store is Cess Fund related  - Handloom
27. The headquarters of International co-operative Alliance  - Geneva
28. Rural consumer schemes was introduced by
NCDC (National Co-operative Development Corporation) (Established on 1963)
29. The lead link scheme was introduced by  - NCDC
30. The Housing Federations moving collect their resource through  - Floating debentures
31. A typical example of service type industrial co-operative society  - Co-operative Spinning Mills
32. Which is the new addition to the co-operative principles?  - Concern for community
33. To which country is related with Milkvita   - Bangladesh
34. Who is the present Chairman of Food Corporation of India   - Premkumar
35. Karve Commission on co-operative principles was appointed by  - ICA (International Co-operative Alliance)
36. The first c-operative principles are accepted by the ICA congress held at   - Manchester
37. The last revision of co-operative are made in the year   - 1995
38. “Indian Co-operative Review” is a quarterly journal of   - National Co-operative Union of India
39. Expand NCUI
National Cooperative Union of India (Established in 1929 with association of State Co-operative Unions)
40. The Chairman of the LIC of India   - T.S. Vijayan
41. Expand APMACS  - Andhra Pradesh Mutual Aided Co-operative Societies Act.
42. Expand LAMPS   - Large sized Adivasi Multipurpose Co-operative Society.
43. Expand TRIFED
Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd
44. Who is the founder of Consumer Co-operative Societies in Denmark  - Paster Saune
45. FDB is working in Denmark, with which sector
Consumer Co-operative Societies
46. Who gave inspiration to form during Co-operative Societies in Denmark
Stilling Anderson
47. Which Co-operator form Labour Co-operative Societies in Italy
Massiny
48. ------ is the language of the business
Accounting
49. The first co-operative law in India was enacted In the year    - 1904
50. Co-operative credit movement in Germany is closely related with   - Raiffeison
51. The taste of India is the brand of   - Amul
52. Kerala State Co-operative Bank is a ……….   Scheduled Bank
53. Which is known as Bank of bank   - Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
54. Co-operative principles are formulated by   - ICA (International Co-operative Alliance)
55. Vaikunda Metha National Institute of Co-operative Management is situated at
Pune
56. The word co-operation is derived from the word ‘Co-operari’ which is a ----------- word.
Latin
57. The first consumer co-operative society in India was formed in   Triplicane
58. The Registrar of Co-operative society is appointed by  - Government
59. The prime function of accounting is to   -Classify and record business transactions
60. Expansion of SGSY   - Suvarna Jayanthi Garam Seva Rosgar Yojana
61. How much amount to be given by Co-operative society to Kerala State Co-operative Union
Rs. 1000
62. Who has a right to sign in the Identity card of a member  - Secretary (Chief executive)
63. Which Act deals the activities of Co-operative Union   - 91
64. Which district is collected investment through 2004 investment campaign   - Ernakulam
65. Individual Maximum Borrowing Power (IMBP) is described in   - Byelaw
66. Which Bank is formed All India Mutual Arrangement Scheme (AIMAS)
National Federation of Co-operative Bank
67. CAMPCO is registered under ---- Act
Multi State Co-operative Act
68. Which is the first Co-operative society in Kochi country
Idvanakkad Parasparasahaya Sangam
69. Centrally sponsored scheme of 1962 is related with in which sector.
Consumer Co-operative Sector
70. When Operation Flood -1 is ended
March 31, 1981
71. Who established ‘Kerala Dinesg Beedi Co-operative Society’
G.K. Panicker (Formerly known as ‘ The Kerala Dinesh Beedi Workers Centrally Co-operative Society’)
72. Dual membership is not applicable in the ------ society
Consumer Co-operative Society
73. Which Act is used to select president, vice-president of the Society
Section 43
74. Which institution is keeping National Rural Credit Stabilization Fund (NRCSF)
NABARD
75. Who is formed Headed Dorf Credit Society (HDCS)
Raiffison
76. Liability is ………….. in Raifisson model Credit Society
Unlimited
77. Horrest Plunket is in which country’s co-operator
Iyarland
78. Who is the founder of consumer Co-operative Societies in Denmark
Paster Saune
79. FDB is working in Denmark, with which sector
Consumer Co-operative Society
80. Who gave inspiration to form dairy Co-operative Societies in Denmark
Stilling Anderson
81. Which Co-operator form Labour Co-operative Societies in Itally
Massiny
82. Which is the first Co-operative Societies movement in China
Sputnik
83. Who established ‘Sreenikethan’ (This is the first village development training centre in India)
Rabeendra Natha Tagore
84. When CADA (Command Area Development Authority) started
1981.
85. Commercial Banks collects cheques for their customers represents ……. Relationship.
Agent and Principal
86. Economic planning most suitable to India is …………
Democratic planning
87. A negotiable Instrument, negotiable by usage or custom
-Promissory Note
88. The Colombo plan was for a period of …
-6 years
89. In the case of a Negotiable Instrument, a person who gets a better title is -Holder-in due course
90. A loan covers a period of 3 to 15 months is called. ..
-Short term loan
91. The planned economy for India this book was published in the year
-1944
92. In a Co-operative Society Revenue fund is created out of ….
-Net profit
93. A cheque which is not crossed is called …
-Open cheque
94. India’s 10th Five Year Plan has given top priority to
-Poverty eradication
95. District Co-operative Banks are also known as
-Co-operative Central Bank
96. The banking system followed by in India is
-Branch Banking
97. The most important objective of Indian Economic Planning is …
-Self reliance
98. There is one Central Co-operative Bank in each ..
-District.
99. Nowadays the Commercial Bank extend their services to …
-Different sections of the Society.
100. Annual Economic growth rate target of 10th plan is ..
-8%
101. Land mortgage banks are now known as
-Land Development Bank
102. ‘Pay to Y, if the marries X’ –B. Babu. This endorsement is an example of….
-Conditional endorsement
103. …..is the language of business
-Accounting
104. The power to supersede the Managing Committee of a Co-operative Society is vested with.
-The Registrar of Co-operative Society
105. The Co-operative credit movement in Germany is closely associated with
-Raiffison
106. The slogan of the Co-operative week celebration during the year 2006 was related to
-Second green revolution
107. ‘Taste of India’ is the brand built by
-Amul (Anand Milk Union Limited)
108. Kerala State Co-operative Bank is a …
-Scheduled Bank
109. Which bank is known as Bankers Bank
-Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
110. A post dated cheque bear a date that is ..
-Yet to come
111. The Co-operative principles are formulated by …
-International Co-operative Alliance (ICA)
112. Amendments to the byelaws of a Co-operative society shall come into force on the date of?
-Date on which the amendment is registered
113. Vaikunt Metha National Institute of Co-operative management is situated at
- Pune
114. Audit fee of a credit society is calculated on the basis of
-Working Capital
115. The prime function of accounting is ….
-to classify and record business transactions
116. Expansion of SGSY
-Suvarna Jayanthi Gram Seva Rosgar Yojana
117. The first formal Co-operative Society was formed in England in the year
-1844
118. A bank included in the second schedule of Reserve Bank of India Act 1934 is called.
-Scheduled Bank
119. Monitory Policy is formulated and issued by
-Reserve Bank of India
120. The first amendment to the Co-operative Societies Act of 1904 was made in
-1912
121. The jurisdiction of Circle Co-operative Union is
-Taluk
122. RTGS stands for
Real Time General Standards
123. Accounting principles are generally based on
-Practicability
124. Expand CRAFICARD
-Committee to Review Arrangements for INSTITUTIONAL Credit for Agriculture and Rural Development)
125. When NABARD Act is passed at Indian Parliament
-1981
126. When NABARD is started its function
-1982 July 12 with capital Rs. 100 crore.(its have 28 Zonal offices, 376 District Offices)
127. Expand RIDF
-Rural Infrastructure Development Fund
128. Audit fee is limited up to in the case of Co-operative Society
-15000.
129. What is the minimum members In a Circle Co-operative Society
-14
130. In a Co-operative Society 80A section deals
-Pension
131. Section 73 deals with
-The right of Liquidator
132. T.E.R means
-Technical Enquiry Report.
133. PSPF (Principal State Partnership Fund) is used for
-Purchasing of shares from the different societies
134. When National Policy on Co-operation is declared in India
-2001.
135. When Land Mortgage Bank is started in India
-1920
136. Within how many days to start the functions of a Co-operative Society after getting registration
-6 Months
137. Which committee is recommended the Co-operative Education Fund
-S.C. Missra Committee.
138. Which committee is recommended to form SFDA (Small Farmers Development Agency)
-A. Venkidapai
139. Which committee is recommended to form the Regional Rural Banks
-Narasimhan Committee (1975)
140. Which committee is recommended to form the Farmers Service Co-operative Society
-T.A. Pai.
141. Expand DICGC
Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation
142. Agricultural Credit Committee is known as
-Kussuru Committee
143. When Agricultural Credit Committee is submitted its report
-1989.
144. Expand NCCT
-National Council for Co-operative Training (1-7-1976)
145. Expand NICE
-National Centre for Co-operative Education. (New Delhi)
146. Who is the chairman of State Co-operative Union
-The Registrar of Co-operative Society
147. When Model Co-operative Societies Act passed
-1990. (under the chairmanship of Chaudhari Bhramaprakash
148. Who was the chairman of Banking Commission of 1972
-R.G. Sarayya
149. Who is formed ‘Heads Torff Co-operative Society in Germany
-Raiffison
150. IAOS Co-operative Society is working in which country
-Sweden
151. Election procedure is deals in which section of State Co-operative Union
-Section 151
152. When a member can get right to withdraw his share from a society
-After 3 years from the date of his membership
153. When the goods purchased to returned to a supplier …. is sent to him
-Debit Note
154. The scheme formulate by RBI to protect the interest of the customers and to re-dress their grievances with regard to banking services is called.
-Banking Ombudsman Scheme
155. Expand NBFC
-Non Banking Finance Companies
156. Magnetic ink character recognition technology is related to
-Cheques
157. Which is the following Co-operative Bank doesn’t come under the purview of Banking Regulation Act.
-Primary Agricultural Co-operative Bank
158. Section 74A, of the Kerala Co-operative Societies Act is related to
-Winding up of bank coming under DICGC
159. Consumerfed stands for
-Kerala State Co-operative Consumer Federation
160. Workers Co-operative Societies occupy a dominant position in the Co-operative sector of
-France
161. A bill of exchange payable after certain period is known as
-Time bill
162. The statement prepared to reconcile the balance as shown by the cash book and the balance as shown by the bank pass book is called
-Bank reconciliation statement
163. In the official hierarchy of Co-operative department the officer next to the Registrar of Co-operative Societies is designated as
-Additional Registrar
164. Compulsory amalgamation and division of societies are dealt in ….. section and rule of KCS Act
-Section 14 (8,9) Rule 14.
165. Who is the head of Co-operative section in Taluk
-Asst. Registrar
166. What is the maximum number of members in a Partnership firm (Banking sector)
-20
167. Which Co-operative Society is known as ‘War tie babies’
-Consumer Co-operative Society
168. Expand AIMAS
-All India Mutual Arrangement Scheme
169. Where is the motherland of Land mortgage bank
-Germany
170. What is the amount (Chellan receipt amount) to remit for the registration of a society
-Rs. 50/-
171. Which bank is the custodian of ‘Subsidiary State Partnership Fund’
-District Co-operative Bank
172. Director of Co-operative Audit post is came in
-January 1, 2000
173. When NFIC (National Federation of Industrial Co-operatives formed
-1966
174. What is the percentage of basic salary to contribute in Provident Fund
10%
175. When was consumer Co-operative Society is formed in Japan
-1879
176. ‘Bees’ Co-operative Societies are found in
-Agricultural Co-operative Societies in America
177. When Five Year Plans are started in India
-April 1, 1951
178. Who was the person in member of All India Rural Credit Survey Committee and All India Rural Credit Review Committee
-N. Venkitapai
179. Expand AR & DC
-Agricultural Refinance & Development Corporation (Stopped its function in 1982
180. Which Bank took the functions of AR & DC
-NABARD
181. UNICOOP JAPAN established in
-1961.
182. Which is the first Primary Consumer Co-operative Societies
-Selpose
183. Who established urban banks in Italy
-Lusy Lusatti
184. Who is the father of Co-operative Commonwealth
-D.R. Gadgil
185. Where is the headquarters of Federation of Kerala Scheduled Cast/Scheduled Tribe Co-operative Societies
-Thiruvananthapuram
186. ‘Vyasa’ store relates
-Fisheries
187. What is the name of Kerala Handicraft Apex Co-operative Societies
-Surabhi
188. When register ‘Maltsyafed’
-1984.
189. Maltsyafed is
Kerala State Co-operation Federation for Fisheries Development
190. Headquarters of NAFED
-New Delhi
191. Who keep Ajanda book of Co-operative Society
-President
192. When was started Agricultural Marketing Federation in England
-1928
193. Which is the apex federation of Fisheries Co-operative Societies in Japan
-Zengyoren
194. ‘Milkvita’ brand name is used by which country
-Bangladesh
195. KRIBHCO is
Interstate Co-operative institution
196. Land Improvement Loans Act is passed in
-1883.
197. Who was the first Co-operative minister of Kerala
Joseph Muntaserry
198. When Agricultural Rural Debt Relief Scheme implemented
-1990
199. Gaya diary brand’s owner is
-Bhihar State Milk Producers Union
200. Who gave more importance in cooperation – Dr William King.